Motivation at Work Essay - 794 Words

Motivation at Work It may seem obvious that staff should be motivated; however, from the point of human resources management this is only true if motivation leads to improvements in the work. Over the years a number of management theories have been put forward in an attempt to explain the nature of motivation and suggest ways in which it may be improved. Frederick Taylors principles of scientific management Taylors belief was that complex tasks should be broken into separate operations so that little could go wrong. Each operation would be performed by a separate employee. The whole job could then be completed in a series of stages by a number of employees working together. This†¦show more content†¦The workers become motivated, perform well and are less likely to be absent. To Tesco this theory is very important. They have taken advice from such theory and adapted their policies where possible to suit their employees. Tesco pay competitive rates, their working conditions are of top quality and they have many benefits. These are a result of understanding this theory and implementing them so that they get the desired results that all companies want. Abraham Maslows hierarch of needs Maslow developed his Theory of Human Motivation in 1943. He believed that motivation comes from a desire to satisfy needs. He placed these in a hierarchy with the basic needs at the bottom of the pyramid and higher needs at the top. In practice Maslow accepted that a variety of needs will exist at the same time, but suggested that once lower needs are satisfied then higher needs become the strongest motivators. Maslows theory has the same basis of Fredrick Herzbergss two factor theory because they both argue that what satisfies a person is the hygiene factors and the Motivators. Fredrick just says that a combination of these two factors leads to better performance where are Maslow goes further to say that they come in a set order where once basic needs are satisfied, higher, more complicated desires will be sought. Both Maslow and Fredrick speak of the same requirementsShow MoreRelatedTeam Work and Motivation1259 Words   |  6 PagesTeamwork and Motivation Motivation is the internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in a person to be continually interested and committed to a job, role or subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal (Business Dictionary, 2013). The main priority of an organization should be its people. They are the ones who help maintain the mission and the vision of the organization as well as keeping the business flowing. This paper will provide a design of an organization motivation plan, identifyRead MoreEmployee Work Motivation 1386 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant to an organization, because work motivation relates to the performance of employees and their behaviour towards the organization (Katzell Thompson, 1990). â€Å"Managers see motivation as an integral part of the performance equation at all levels, while researchers see it as a fundamental building block in the development of useful theories of effective management practice (Steers, Mowday, Shapiro, 2004, p. 379)†. In this st udy the role of work motivation of prospective employees played a centralRead MoreTeam Work and Motivation1718 Words   |  7 PagesTeamwork and Motivation In just a few years WooWoo manufacture has gained much success by becoming one of the world’s top producer of widgets. Recently sales have been high, but a new report was just released that exposed some defects with our product. This defect issue can quickly turn into a serious problem that will increased our costs and delay deliveries to our customers. During these critical times we must find a way to motivate the 50 employees in our sales, assembly, technology, and administrationRead MoreEssay Work Motivation1804 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction What is motivation? Motivation is difficult to explain and even harder to turn on in people. Webster defines motivation as an act or process of motivating; the condition of being motivated; a force, stimulus, or influence: incentive or drive (Motivation). It is most often the job of the manager to use motivation to drive its employees to accomplish acts which they normally would not have done. The study of motivation helps managers understand what prompts people to initiateRead MoreWork Motivation Theories2557 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction The work motivation theories can be broadly classified as content theories and process theories. The content theories are concerned with identifying the needs that people have and how needs are prioritized. They are concerned with types of incentives that drive people to attain need fulfillment. The Maslow hierarchy theory, Fredrick Herzberg’s two factor theory and Alderfer’s ERG needs theory fall in this category. Although such a content approach has logic, is easy to understand, andRead MoreMotivation in the Work Place1905 Words   |  8 PagesMotivation in the Work Place Abstract Motivation is the study of what makes us do things. Every day we are faced with many decisions. What choice we make is the study of motivation. There are several theories of motivation; the theory of opportunity-cost is the most widely recognized. This paper will discuss (1) the major forces that drive us, (2) diverse influences, and (3) tangible and intangible outputs. Through the years there have been several theories as to what motivatesRead MoreEssay about Motivation for Work1207 Words   |  5 PagesWork is a positive thing for many people. To some people, it may be described as a place to escape from the kids, or even a time consumption thing for a single or retired person, but most importantly it is what we do in order to provide for our families and ourselves. Work is something that we all will experience at one time or another during our lives. There are several reasons why a person goes to work. These reasons can be better explained as work motivation. Work motivation can beRead MoreThe Role Of Meaningful Work On Work Motivation Theories1286 Words   |  6 PagesRole of Meaningful work in Work Motivation theories 1. Introduction Work signifies an important aspect of human being’s life owing to the outcomes related with it, such as economic outcomes (salary, financial incentives), social status and fulfillment of needs. This had inspired organizational scholars to explore, what motivates one to work, leading to tremendous research on work motivation. Motivation theories can be classified through three predominant approaches (Chalofsky, 2003): 1. ContentRead MoreQuestions On Work Motivation And Attitude1595 Words   |  7 PagesMullen-RhoadsRIOP8400-8-5: Work Motivation and Attitude Internal thoughts or feelings provide motivation for people to behave in a certain manner (Spector, 2012). In the work environment, attitudes can indicate an employee’s feelings towards coworkers, superiors, and position within the organization or a desire to realize a goal (Rodell, 2013; Spector, 2012). Although attitudes are internal, they can affect how an individual behaves. Therefore, behavior, whether good or bad, is often the way inRead More Americans Motivation to Work Essay518 Words   |  3 PagesAmericans Motivation to Work The majority of Americans get up each morning and go to work in order to earn money. But what are the true motivators for working and where do they come from? How do wage rates and other forms of compensation affect the quantity of labor supplied to the market? This essay will discuss how labor effects the economy. Each person working plays a role in society and production output. These are areas that need to be addressed when the supply of labor is being

Safety Of The Hpv Vaccine Essay - 2123 Words

Safety of the HPV Vaccine There have been concerns about the safety of the HPV vaccines. In Basu’s (2013) article they reviewed the evidence from the phase III trials and national programs for the HPV vaccine. After reviewing the data though the article showed that all the randomized control trials reported both their serious and non-serious adverse events that took place during the phase III trials. â€Å"There were 20,000 participants in the trial† (p.4). Pain at the injection site, headache, and fatigue were the most frequently reported issues. The serious adverse effects were very rare so the vaccine was considered safe. When reviewing the safety data from the national programs in Australia there were millions of doses given out and the most adverse side effects there were anaphylactic and allergic reactions, and these were not seen as any more dangerous than it is for other vaccines. â€Å"In the US about 40 million doses were given out and among the reports that were received by the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System which totaled 20,096 only 8% of these reports were actually were considered serious†(p.5). All the reports were reviewed and could not find any adverse events that occurred that could be ascribed to the vaccine. In the UK they reviewed the vaccine two years after it came out and concluded it to be safe. Reviewing the data from all three counties in the national programs showed that none of the deaths that occurred could be linked to the vaccine. So both theShow MoreRelatedHpv Vaccine, The Cochrane Library, And Google Scholar1229 Words   |  5 Pagesterms included â€Å" human papillomavirus vaccine†, â€Å" human papillomavirus†, â€Å"HPV†, â€Å" human papillomavirus safety and effectiveness†, â€Å"human papillomarvirus vaccination rates†, â€Å"HPV randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews†. Since licensure of the HPV vaccine in 2006, HPV vaccine coverage among US adolescents has increased but remains low compared with other recommended vaccines. Studies show that the influence of accurate information about vaccines is maximized when conveyed from providerRead MoreHuman Papillomavirus Vaccine Controversy : Susan Le1707 Words   |  7 Pages Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Controversy Susan Le California State University, Sacramento Abstract Human Papillomavirus is a highly contagious sexually transmitted disease that is believed to be the precursor of several cancers, especially cervical cancer. Researchers have developed a couple of vaccines believed to prevent several strains of the virus. Much controversy has surrounded the birth of this vaccine because law makers want to make the vaccine mandatory for school -aged childrenRead MoreThe Common Sexually Transmitted Infections1266 Words   |  6 Pagesto prevent the spread of STI’s. The most common sexually transmitted infection in the world is HPV. Luckily, there is a vaccine for it. HPV stands for human papilloma virus. There are 150 different types, some of those being cancerous. â€Å"Genital HPV is a common virus that is passed from one person to another through direct skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. Most sexually active people will get HPV at some time in their lives† ($). The CDC’s advisory committee for immunization practices v otedRead MoreHpv Vaccine Should Be Mandatory1684 Words   |  7 PagesHPV is by far the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 50 percent of all sexually active men and women will get it at some point in their lives, and 20 million already have it. A vaccine is available that prevents 70% of cervical cancers that arise from sexual intercourse. The human papillomavirus is unknowingly common and is diagnosed in 10,000 women a year, causing 4,000 deaths per year (â€Å"HPV Question and Answers†)Read MoreIntroduction. The Very Controversial Issue Being Discussed956 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversial issue being discussed in this debate is the question should vaccinations such as HPV be mandated for teenage girls? Two different views are offered. This controversy began when the issue was introduced to the real world in 2006. The FDA announced a prophylactic vaccine against 4 strains of HPV. Mos t importantly is the fact that this vaccination has about a 70% protection against cervical cancers linked to HPV. More CDC recommends routine vaccination for 11-12-year-old girls. It also recommendsRead MoreHpv Vaccine Should Be Required Because It Saves Lives1486 Words   |  6 Pagestype of HPV at some point in their lives. (CDC) The human papillomavirus, more commonly known as HPV, is a sexually transmitted infection. It is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the United States. HPV can be transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. The human papillomavirus can cause several types of cancers such as cervical cancers, anal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, and others. The leading HPV vaccine, Gardasil, was licensed by the FDA is 2006. The second vaccine, CervarixRead MoreThe Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Essay example1585 Words   |  7 PagesThe Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine The unforgettable story of vaccines is a story of triumph and controversy. The saddest part of the story is persistent ignorance and a lack of education, comingled with the personal need of some parents to explain away the problems of their children, have caused the controversy to arise. The good news is that the triumphant reality of vaccines as a whole is still the larger enduring legacy. The human papillomavirus vaccine is not an exception to this rule;Read MoreHuman Papillomavirus ( Hpv )1286 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection with fourteen million new cases per year (Valentino Poronsky, 2016). These astronomical numbers make HPV â€Å"the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the United States† (Valentino Poronsky, 2016). HPV infections have been associated with causing multiple cancers. In 2006, the first vaccine against HPV emerged, Gardisil. In 2009 a second vaccine was approved by the FDA, Cervavix (Valentino Poronsky, 2016). DespiteRead MorePreventing Cervical Cancer with the HPV Vaccination652 Words   |  3 PagesHPV vaccination is the most common used method for preventing cervical cancer in young girls ranging from age nine to eleven years old. The overall perception of the vaccine is positive by the public because of its wide use and support by state laws, school systems and medical associations. According to the American Pediatric Association the vaccine has an excellent safety record. (Nirvi,1) A reasonable am ount of parents still feel skeptical about mandatory HPV vaccination on their kids and lackRead MoreShould Religious Exemptions For Hpv Vaccination Are Allowed By The Law?1467 Words   |  6 Pagesexemptions to HPV vaccination are allowed by the law, there is no built in policy for exemptions based on personal secular values. Some vegan families, for example, may feel uncomfortable vaccinating their children since animals are involved in the research and development of several vaccines, including the HPV vaccine. Individuals against animal testing, or recombinant DNA technology (Gardasil (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine) Questions and Answers, 2006) could feel uneasy about the Gardasil vaccine as well

Speech On Importance Of Nap Time - 1520 Words

Oscar Bencomo Mrs. Stanton English Comp II October 8, 2014 Importance of Nap Time People tend to get drowsy throughout the day and everyone has their way of dealing with the grogginess. The best and most natural way is to simply take a nap. It is like taking a mini-vacation. People close their eyes to get away from reality and awake with energy to push them through the day. A nap is essential to keep the mind sane, it contributes to good performance, alertness, productivity, and emotional balance which eliminates stress. In the United States people are becoming sleep deprived. The National Sleep Foundation, Sleep in America poll showed that U.S. adults got 6.9 hours of sleep in 2005. The averages are down by two hours from the same poll in 2003. College student’s lifestyle promotes lack of sleep; staying up all night to study for exams and finish homework due the next day. This deprivation results in poor alertness, productivity, and performance which cause poor grades. Employees also face this situation. Putting off sleep to meet the demands of deadlines makes for performance to go down. In the blue-collar work force, sleep deprivation can be dangerous. An employee s poor alertness can cause an accident that can cost a company money or a life. A survey done in April 2013 statistically showed that 48 percent of Americans do not get enough sleep. Men are more likely to ignore the effects of sleep deprivation, while women are more cautious to fulfill their need ofShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of A Long Day1558 Words   |  7 Pagesduring this time, it can be frightening for the person experiencing the abnormality of the sleep phenomenon. While sleeping, people undergo stages of sleep that differentiate during each phase. They are divided into 4 to 5 stages and are as follows: Stage one is the lightest level, is known as a transitional state, and is characterized as physically nodding away, being able to hear surroundings, and can easily reorient to what was going around prior to the urge of falling asleep. The time span thatRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Film Analysis Essay894 Words   |  4 Pagesthree-oclock naps, and by nightfall were like soft teacakes with frostings of sweat and sweet talcum.† To finish off she says, â€Å" Neighbors bring food with death and flowers with sickness and little things in between. Boo was our neighbor. He gave us two soapdolls, a broken watch and chain, [a knife], and our lives.[†¦] One time [Atticus] said you never really [knew] a man until you [stood] in his shoes and walk around in them. Just standing on the Radley porch was enough.† Atticus6 minute speech in theRead MorePrevention Of The Polio Vaccine880 Words   |  4 Pages or he can vomit after receiving vaccination. These symptoms are normal after vaccination for 1-2 days (â€Å"Yours child’s†, 2015). If mom has any questions or concerns related to vaccination, she should call the office. No diagnostic tests at this time. Medication: If Max needs Tylenol or Ibuprofen for fever or pain he can take Children’s Tylenol (160mg/5ml)- 1tsp (5ml) every 6h PRN, Ibuprofen Children’s suspension (100mg/5ml)- 1 tsp (5ml) Q6h PRN. If Max is in a need of Benadryl for allergic reactionRead MoreThe Epidemic Of The Polio Vaccine912 Words   |  4 Pages or he can vomit after receiving vaccination. These symptoms are normal after vaccination for 1-2 days (â€Å"Yours child’s†, 2015). If mom has any questions or concerns related to vaccination, she should call the office. No diagnostic tests at this time. Medication: If Max needs Tylenol or Ibuprofen for fever or pain he can take Children’s Tylenol (160mg/5ml)- 1tsp (5ml) every 6h PRN, Ibuprofen Children’s suspension (100mg/5ml)- 1 tsp (5ml) Q6h PRN. If Max is in a need of Benadryl for allergic reactionRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1555 Words   |  7 Pagesher doctor as well as her husband for a slight case of depression. Her primary â€Å"treatment† for this is predominantly a week-long stay in an ugly, yellow wallpaper-covered secluded room where she sits and â€Å"rests† mostly alone for an extended period of time. In the story, Gilman confronts ideas of isolation from her main character’s world, drawing out attributes from wallpaper and its designs to represent the escape from the society in which she lives in. Alike, she also ties the ideas of loneliness intoRead MoreDescriptive Essay : Sleep, My Mother 1737 Words   |  7 Pagesraven curls, in stark contrast with the pallor of her milky skin. Her clothes were decadent and accented with pearls and gold clasps. She appraised my parents and I with lukewarm eyes, and before even she opened her red lips, the clipped tones of her speech would resonate in the back of your head. â€Å"I see you have finally found you way here,† Grandmother dictated, glancing down her nose quickly to me. She leaned down to wrap me in an awkward embrace, her arms barely the temperature of a fall morning.Read MoreThe Pleasure Of Good Poetry Essay2201 Words   |  9 Pagesfeelings† and that it is the purpose of poetry â€Å"to illustrate the manners in which our feelings and ideas are associated in a state of excitement† and to give pleasure. Thereby he stresses the importance of emotions, and continues by saying that the feelings during an experience give the experience importance, not vice versa. Thus he prioritises feelings over reason, which is typical for the Romanticism. This is very important as pleasure is the only reason why we can â€Å"sympathize with pain†. FurthermoreRead More Phil Jackson And Buddhism Essay1789 Words   |  8 Pagesthat this is partially due to what they practiced in the years Jackson was coach. Not only did they study basketball, as writer Frank Deford for Sports Illustrated noted in a cover story on Jackson, they took part in â€Å"group meditations and pregame ‘nap time’† (84). Not to mention poetry and assigned books (83). These things may sound odd but as one of the beliefs of Zen says, â€Å"Don’t get caught up in only one way of doing things; and don’t look at things from just one point of view. If you try anotherRead MorePhil Jackson and Buddhism1854 Words   |  8 Pagesthat this is partially due to what they practiced in the years Jackson was coach. Not only did they study basketball, as writer Frank Deford for Sports Illustrated noted in a cover story on Jackson, they took part in group meditations and pregame ‘nap time (84). Not to mention poetry and assigned book s (83). These things may sound odd but as one of the beliefs of Zen says, Dont get caught up in only one way of doing things; and dont look at things from just one point of view. If you try anotherRead MoreWhy Does a Lot of Students Feel Sleepy During Class Hours?6330 Words   |  26 Pageschallenging to maintain healthy daily habits. A lot of studies revealed that teenagers’ hours of sleep often sacrificed due to time mismanagement. The problem is they didn’t get the enough time which they needed when sleeping or sleep deprivation. This research will determine the factor that causes the high school students to feel sleepy during class hours. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY This research may benefit not just only a single person. The findings accumulated by this study may provide significant

Machiavelli and Gossip Girl - 1497 Words

Machiavelli’s The Prince is a guide written for the ruling class on how to maintain power, however, royalty is no longer a characteristic that belongs only to a monarch. In The Prince, Machiavelli targets the prince and all other royalty, but today his work may be used as a social critique of upper class society. Thus, a popular television show depicting Manhattan’s elite governed by social media blasts, is no coincidence. It is evident that the creators of the popular television show Gossip Girl had Machiavelli in mind. Machiavelli and the character of Gossip Girl complement each other in their focus on man’s lack of morals, and their ability to create paranoia as well as manipulate those in power to achieve their own agendas. Machiavelli wrote The Prince in 1513, yet it continues to be a loved and powerful piece today, so much so that it is portrayed in modern day media such as Gossip Girl. Through The Prince, Machiavelli teaches the prince how to rule. Machiavelli counsels the prince on affairs of generosity and miserliness, war, and how he will be perceived. He shows the prince that it is not possible to be good because, â€Å"a man who wishes to make a vocation of being good at all times will come to ruin among so many who are not good† (â€Å"The Qualities of the Prince† para. 7). He elaborates on the idea that virtue often ends in destruction, emphasizing that it is more important to have a bad reputation that will result in safety, in opposition to goodness, which will end inShow MoreRelatedEffects of the Social Media on Relationship Trends of University Students9686 Words   |  39 Pageswho may want to harm them. Another reason this is bad is because many young girls are using the i nternet to slander each other’s reputations on blogs as depicted in the series â€Å"Gossip Girl†. In one case, a USIU student and her friends went through this and led to her reputation being questioned due to this blog. USIU as an institution also went through this obstacle when there was a trending topic on Twitter about USIU girls’ reputation. This brought a lot of doubt about the credibility of USIU asRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCommunication Apprehension 355 †¢ Lying 355 Global Implications 356 Cultural Barriers 356 †¢ Cultural Context 357 †¢ A Cultural Guide 358 Summary and Implications for Managers 360 S A L S A L Self-Assessment Library Am I a Gossip? 336 An Ethical Choice The Ethics of Gossip at Work 345 Myth or Science? â€Å"We Know What Makes Good Liars Good† 356 glOBalization! How Direct Should You Be? 358 Point/Counterpoint Social Networking Is Good Business 359 Self-Assessment Library How Good Are My Listening SkillsRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesthey respond to situations not by managing, but by retreating to their technical specialty. This often occurs when general managers who feel insecure address problems outside their area of expertise and experience. Anthony Jay, in Management and Machiavelli (1967), dubs this type of manager â€Å"George I,† after the King of England who, after assuming the throne, continued to be preoccupied with the affairs of Hanover, Germany, whence he had come. 2. Focusing on past performance. Another danger sign is

Political Economy and the Propaganda Model of Noam Chomsky Free Essays

string(29) " Salvador earlier this year\." Using one of the case studies outlined by Chomsky Herman in ‘Manufacturing Consent – The Political Economy of the Mass Media’, critically assess the main propositions put forward in their analysis of the mass media. Is the ‘Propaganda Model’ still relevant today? Noam Chomsky along with Edward Herman has developed the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Propaganda Model†Ã‚  of the media works. They helped develop the detailed and sophisticated analysis of how the wealthy and powerful use the media to propagandise their own interests behind a mask of objective news reporting. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Economy and the Propaganda Model of Noam Chomsky or any similar topic only for you Order Now Herman and Chomsky expound this analysis in their book  Ã¢â‚¬ËœManufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media’. In their 1988 book, Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky’s ‘propaganda model’ argues that there are 5 classes of ‘filters’ in society which determine what is ‘news’; in other words, what gets broadcast by radio or printed in newspapers and shown on television. Herman and Chomsky’s model also explains how dissent from the mainstream is given little, or zero, coverage, while governments and big business gain easy access to the public in order to convey their state-corporate messages. Noam Chomsky has been engaged in political activism most of his life; he spoke up firstly about the media coverage of Nicaragua. July 19, 1979 – the leftist  Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional  (FSLN/Sandinistas) rolled into Managua, Nicaragua leader of the insurrection that had finally succeeded in overthrowing the dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle. Then there was the election in 1984. The American coverage for the elections in Nicaragua and el Salvador are a key aspect which Chomsky and Herman cover in Manufacturing Consent, and one which Chomsky spoke of on many occasions. The media covered both elections in both countries simultaneously the American media condemned the outcome of the election in Nicaragua as a â€Å"soviet sham† because the new Nicaraguan government were against the American puppet government and were a more socialist country. Because President Reagan’s war created a need for a propaganda victory, in December 1983 the Sandinistas outsmarted Washington by scheduling their first post-triumph election earlier than originally planned— 2 days before Americans would decide whether President Reagan should continue to lead the country. The Media coverage up to this point had been little in the way of truth, and of the actual happenings of Nicaragua in the past. What they were trying to achieve, for many years, and most of all about the upcoming elections of the time. The American press seemed to try and protect America’s interest and perception by the people, then to deliver unbiased reporting. The fact that most of the rest of the world was opposed to Reagan’s terrorist activities didn’t filter through to the Americans. Most of the Nicaraguan people, along with many worldwide had hoped that if the Sandinistas won as expected, Washington would accept the results and call off President Reagan’s â€Å"freedom fighters†. This was a naive hope, as Secretary of State George P. Shultz made clear: â€Å"with or without elections we will continue our policy of pressuring Nicaragua†. Nicaragua was in the news on election night in the U. S, but the story that was in the news was not one on Nicaragua’s election. The story was of soviet MIGs. As reported by CBS Evening News on November 6, 1984, the soviet freighter Bakuriani was on its way to Nicaragua with MIG 21 fighters aboard. The ‘sham election’ story was succeeded quickly by the security threat story. The overwhelming majority of objective observers concluded that the election was conducted competently and fairly by the Supreme Electoral Council, and that all Nicaraguan political parties had been given ample opportunity and resources to campaign and get their messages out to the people without serious hindrance from the Sandinistas. While all this was going on, the American government stated on the complete flipside that the El Salvador election, whose victors were against the socialist uprising, was a victory for democracy. The Americans supported the oppressive party and condemned the socialists because it suited them and they could easily pass off the socialists as communists. The American government continued to support and fund the tyranny long after this travesty. â€Å"Only the naive believe that Sunday’s election in Nicaragua was democratic or legitimizing proof of the Sandinistas’ popularity. The result was ordained when opposition parties tamely accepted terms that barred them from power. This plebiscite will not end the struggle for pluralism in Nicaragua. But neither can it serve as justification for recent American policy. â€Å"The Sandinistas made it easy to dismiss their election as a sham. †¦ † Nobody Won in Nicaragua, Editorial, New York Times, Nov 7, 1984 pg. A26. â€Å"No major political tendency in Nicaragua was denied access to the electoral process in 1984. The only parties that did not appear on the ballot were absent by their own choice, not because of government exclusion. †¦ Opposition parties received their legal allotments of campaign funds and had regular and substantial access to radio and television. The legally registered opposition parties were able to hold the vast majority of their rallies unimpeded by pro-FSLN demonstrators or by other kinds of government interference. † (http://www. williamgbecker. com/lasa_1984. pdf)â € A member of the [opposition] Popular Social Christian Party, Jose Lazos said his party ‘recognized the percentage of the F. S. L. N. vote. ‘ ‘It was an honourable process’, he said. † [Lazos also confided to the LASA delegation â€Å"We received the vote we expected†. LASA report, ibid. , p. 18. — B. B. ] â€Å"A team of observers from the Washington Office on Latin America, a church-sponsored lobbying group, said the electoral process had been ‘meaningful’ and had provided a political opening in Nicaragua. â€Å"The group, in a statement prepared after the voting ended on Sunday, said the process had been ‘well-conceived’ and had afforded ‘easy access to vote with guarantees of secrecy. †Ã‚  From  Sandinista Claims Big Election Victory, by Gordon Mott. New York Times, Nov 6, 1984. â€Å"However, [Virgilio Godoy, the PLI presidential candidate who dropped out the day after a visit from the U. S. ambassador] went on to compare favourably Nicaragua’s election with presidential elections in El Salvador earlier this year. You read "Political Economy and the Propaganda Model of Noam Chomsky" in category "Papers" ‘If the US is going to try to be honest in evaluating these elections, it will be a real problem for the Reagan administration,’ Mr. Godoy said. ‘If the US administration said that the Guatemalan and Salvadorian elections were valid ones, how can they condemn elections in Nicaragua, when they have been no worse and probably a lot better than elections in Salvador and Guatemala. ‘The elections here have been much more peaceful. There were no deaths as in the other two countries, where the opposition were often in fear for their lives. ‘† Nicaragua vote seen as better run than Salvador’s By Dennis Volman, Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor November 5, 1984, p. 13. Managua, Nicaragua  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Reviewing the history of the negotiations between the FSLN and the opposition parties since 1981, and especially during the current election year, Stephen Kinzer, the Managua-based correspondent of The New York Times, told our delegation ‘The FSLN gave in on almost all of the opposition parties’ demands concerning how the electoral process would be run. Their stance seemed to be, â€Å"if any clause of the election law causes serious controversy, we’ll modify it. † Most of the opposition’s complaints about the process had nothing to do with the mechanics of the elections, but rather were more general criticisms of the political system†¦. What some of these groups want is a complete change in the political system: to abolish the CDSs (Sandinista Defence Committees), get the Sandinistas out of the army, prohibit [incumbent] government officials from running for office, and so forth. In short, they want Nicaragua to become a parliamentary democracy first, before they will participate. But this isn’t Switzerland! ‘ † (LASA report, ibid. , p. 12. )†Suppose that some power of unimaginable strength were to threaten to reduce the United States to the level of Ethiopia unless we voted for its candidates, demonstrating that the threat was real. Suppose that we refused, and the threat was then carried out, the country brought to its knees, the economy wrecked and millions killed. Suppose, finally, that the threat were repeated, loud and clear, at the time of the next scheduled elections. Under such conditions, only the most extreme hypocrite would speak of a free election. Furthermore, it is likely that close to 100% of the population would succumb. â€Å"Apart from the last sentence, I have just described U. S. -Nicaraguan relations for the last decade. † —Noam Chomsky, The Boston Globe, March 4, 1990El Salvador in 1982 and 1984, and Nicaragua in 1984, provide a virtually controlled experiment in media integrity or submissiveness. The U. S. government promoted the Salvadoran elections as marvels of democratic advance, under adverse conditions, while trying to undermine and discredit the Nicaraguan election as a sham, even though facts did not support claims of superiority of the former election. In the case of El Salvador, the U. S. government agenda stressed the importance and excellence of the election. They focused on the long lines of smiling voters, the size of the turnout, rebel opposition and alleged efforts at disruption. Additionally, they downplayed the absence of fundamental conditions of a free election, such as the freedoms of press and assembly; the ability of all groups to run candidates; and freedom from state terror and coercive threats. The idea that the American press was so quick to praise one and condemn the other is what Chomsky refers to as the ‘propaganda model’ of the mass media. The American government dictates the press into writing about what benefits the American government more so than writing about the truth. Is the Propaganda Model still relevant today? In their propaganda model, Herman and Chomsky present a series of five â€Å"filters† to account for why the dominant U. S. media invariably serve as propagandists for the interests of the elite. Only stories with a strong orientation to elite interests can pass through the five filters unobstructed and receive ample media attention. The model explains how the media can conscientiously function when even a superficial analysis of the evidence would indicate the preposterous nature of many of the stories that receive ample publicity in the press and on the network news broadcasts. However, what, if any of what Chomsky and Herman presented is still relevant today? The model was dubbed a conspiracy theory by many critics on both left and right although Herman says he and Chomsky had looked for structural factors as the only possible root of systematic behaviour and performance patterns. In defending ‘Manufacturing Consent: Political Economy of the Mass Media’, Noam Chomsky’s collaborator Edward Herman says; â€Å"Institutional critiques such as we present in this book are commonly dismissed by establishment commentators as ‘conspiracy theories,’ but this is merely an evasion. We do not use any kind of ‘conspiracy’ hypothesis to explain mass-media performance. In fact, our treatment is much closer to a ‘free market’ analysis, with the results largely an outcome of the workings of market forces.   Herman goes on to further explain how the model is not a conspiracy theory and relevant: â€Å"The propaganda model describes a decentralized and non-conspiratorial market system of control and processing, although at times the government or one or more private actors may take initiatives and mobilize co-ordinated elite handling of an issue. † The â€Å"propaganda model† has as little in common with a â€Å"conspiracy theory† as saying that the management of General Motors acts to maintain and increase its profits. As Chomsky notes,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"to confront power is costly and difficult; high standards of evidence and argument are imposed, and critical analysis is naturally not welcomed by those who are in a position to react vigorously and to determine the array of rewards and punishments. Conformity to a ‘patriotic agenda,’ in contrast, imposes no such costs. †Ã‚  Meaning that  Ã¢â‚¬Å"conformity is the easy way, and the path to privilege and prestige†¦ It is a natural expectation, on uncontroversial assumptions, that the major media and other ideological institutions will generally reflect the perspectives and interests of established power.   [Necessary Illusions, pp. 8-9 and p. 10] So in totally ruling out the ‘conspiracy theory’ label, Herman writes that â€Å"the dramatic changes in the economy, the communications industries, and politics over the past dozen years have tended on balance to enhance the applicability of the propaganda model. The first two filters–ownership and advertising–have become ever more important. The decline of public broadcasting, the increase in corporate power and global reach, and the mergers and centralization of the media, have made bottom-line considerations more influential both in the United States and abroad. The competition for advertisers has become more intense and the boundaries between editorial and advertising departments have weakened further. Newsrooms have been more thoroughly incorporated into transnational corporate empires, with budget cuts and even less management enthusiasm for investigative journalism that would challenge the structure of power (Herman and McChesney, 1997). † What Herman is saying is that the journalists own voice has been reduced. The Internet and new communication technologies are breaking the corporate stranglehold on journalism somewhat and opening an unprecedented era of interactive democratic media. Some think that they permit media firms to shrink staff while achieving greater outputs and they make possible global distribution systems, thus reducing the number of media entities. Herman states â€Å"there are, by one conservative count, 20,000 more PR agents working to doctor the news today than there are journalists writing it. †Looking for more modern examples to see if ‘The propaganda model’ still applies Herman uses the media’s treatment of the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the subsequent Mexican crisis and meltdown of 1994-95. He states that â€Å"once again there was a sharp split between the preferences of ordinary citizens and the elite and business community, with polls consistently showing substantial majorities opposed to NAFTA — and to the bailout of investors in Mexican securities — but the elite in favour†. Media news coverage, selection of â€Å"experts,† and opinion columns were skewed accordingly; their judgment was that the benefits of NAFTA were obvious, agreed to by all qualified authorities, and that only demagogues and â€Å"special interests† were opposed. Labour has been under siege in the United States for the past fifteen years according to Herman, â€Å"but you would hardly know this from the mainstream media. † Using the example of the long Pittston miners’ strike to show â€Å"the propaganda model’s† relevance in a similar way to Nicaragua, Timor, Jerzy Popieluszko and so many of Chomsky and Herman other examples the strike was afforded much less attention than the strike of miners in the Soviet Union. The more recent examples to think of would be the American media coverage of the whole â€Å"war on terror† compared with most of the world’s media. Much of the world opposed the Iraq war and Americas invasions. In conclusion, the propositions put forward by Chomsky and Herman, such as the ‘five filters’ and their theories of mass media compared with worldwide media seem to be based on very solid ground, with a good foundation of case studies and research. The case study of Nicaragua being a prime example that backs up their studies in Manufacturing Consent. It is quite clear to see how the American media has filtered different stories and overall tried to sway people’s perceptions on the issue. The fact that the similar situation in El Salvador was so comparable proves a great basis to highlight Chomsky and Herman’s theories. Also when talking about if ‘the propaganda model’ is relevant today in which Herman talking on whether it is still relevant claims that â€Å"The applicability of the propaganda model in these and other cases seems clear. I agree that ‘the propaganda model’ is most certainly applicable today. To what extent remains to be seen through research, though I disagree that the internet has brought on an even greater level of control to mass media, although it is worth noting that the internet was a lot different back in the 90’s when Herman talked about it. | Bibliography http://www. chomsky. info/onchomsky/2002—-. htm http://ics. leeds. ac. uk/papers/vp01. cfm? outfi t=pmtfolder=30paper=1227 The Social and Political Thought of Noam Chomsky  by Alison Edgley http://anarchism. pageabode. com/afaq/secD3. html http://www. chomsky. info/onchomsky/20031209. htm http://www. williamgbecker. com/nicaragua_1984_election. php http://www. chomsky. info/onchomsky/198901–. htm Washington’s war on Nicaragua  by Holly Sklar http://www. williamgbecker. com/lasa_1984. pdf http://www. fifth-estate-online. co. uk/comment/Mullen_paper_FEO. pdf http://www. llc. manchester. ac. uk/research/projects/etrist/conferences/fileuploadmax10mb,169799,en. pdf How to cite Political Economy and the Propaganda Model of Noam Chomsky, Papers

Energy Management In Buildings Automation †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Energy Management In Buildings Automation? Answer: Introduction: Internet of things is said to define the connectivity of various devices present in the vicinity to the internet. Using such technologies, people will never have to adjust the applications manually for their needs. This report includes the definitions and the specifications of the various devices used for home automation. The report further includes the various risks in security and privacy related to these applications. Furthermore, the report includes the mitigation measures to be taken to address such risks. IOT and home automation: Automation in the home is responsible for the provisions of connectivity among the devices that are present in the house itself. These devices range from lighting systems to the garage doors where this is achieved by the use of programmable logic. The different aspects like the security systems, cleaning systems, lighting system or the kitchen appliances all falls in the idea of connectivity in the home automation. The issues in a smart home include the security and the operational issues. As the devices need to connect to the internet to work, they are to remain connected all time (Baraka et al., 2013). This increases the utility bill of the house. In addition, the networks are always vulnerable to outsider attacks. Network of the home: The network of the home will include all the connected devices that will name it the smart house. The main devices included are the connecting hub (1), security appliances (surveillance cameras (2), smart locks (3), smart applications (4))), temperature devices (thermostat devices (5), air conditioner (6)), lighting systems (7), kitchen appliances (cooker appliance (8), intelligent oven (9)) and cleaning devices (vacuum cleaner (10)). All these devices will be connected to each other with internet. The connecting hub will facilitate the connection between these appliances. Devices to be connected: This section of the report discusses about the various devices that are to be integrated in the operations of a smart home. Most importantly, the hub will be present in the smart house, which will form the connecting bridge between these devices. Smart connection hub: (2, 2017) The connecting devices are used to make connections to the various devices dwelling in the house. The chosen device for this application is the Wink Hub 2. This removes the need to access each of the systems in the house for controlling. Moreover, the device can be integrated in the Smartphone with apple or android technologies. a) The main issues in usages are the slowing of the speed in operations with time. This causes difficulty in operations and the need for re-purchasing of the device is necessary to keep up with this system. It is recommended that the manufacture needs to address such difficulties. b) The control issues are the requirement of a smart phone with good specifications. Normal users may not have this specification to run the app and this is the main control issues. T is recommended that the apps be downscaled to facilitate more use. c) Connectivity issues are the presence of z-wave connections. The device works in mesh topologies. This causes some problems, which can be removed by the use of better addressing to these settings. The router can be made to restart to facilitate better connection. d) The security issues are the most common that is present in mostly all IOT devices. These are the vulnerability to hacking. The applications of better security proposals are needed. e) The privacy issues are also the same as that of the other devices. The presence of a public profile in the company can lead to many customers opting out of the systems. Surveillance cameras: ("Rechargeable Wireless Security Camera: Arlo Pro | Arlo by NETGEAR", 2017) The chosen device for the surveillance purposes is the Net gear Arlo Pro. The device is supposed to be wireless and weatherproof. This facilitates the removal of the deployment related problems and removes the problems faced during the winter or rainy seasons. The device also records videos in high definition qualities with 130 vision angle. a) The usage issues involve the glitches in the video feeds that last for 1-2 seconds. These are sometimes evident and not always. The manufacturers are recommended to address such issues. b) The control issues are the requirement for a high end Smartphone to watch the application feeds. The manufacturer needs to address such issues. c) The connectivity issues include the presence of problems in the application. The application in the phone crashes several times which makes it quite difficult to access. In addition, the presence the device incorporates connection to the central hub first before authorizing access. The manufacturer needs to address such issues. d) The security issues are the most common that is present in mostly all IOT devices. These are the vulnerability to hacking. The applications of better security proposals are needed. e) The privacy issues are also the same as that of the other devices. The presence of a public profile in the company can lead to many customers opting out of the systems. Smart locks: ("How It Works | Smart Lock Smarter Home Access | August", 2017) The device chosen in this section is the August Smart Lock. This device is used to provide the security related processes of the house. The lock is used to grant access by the use of the Smartphone. The lock can also be used to set access during a certain time. The user can look at the video feed and answer via their phone to the visitors. a) The main usage issues are the need for being close to the lock to open it. The app only works via the Bluetooth, which causes the user to come close to the lock to open it. The presence of wifi technology must be integrated to address such issues. b) The control issues are the uncontrolled behavior in the app. The user needs to come to the vicinity of the lock and connect to the app. The app will then instruct the lock about the connection and then the user is needed to open it. This causes hindrances to the users. c) The connectivity issues are the requirement for apple phones because a pre toolkit is made for IOS users. This puts android users to a disadvantage. d) The security issues are the most common that is present in mostly all IOT devices. These are the vulnerability to hacking. In addition, in case the user goes out the garage and enters through the door, lock automatically opens but do not locks the door until manually done. The applications of better security proposals are needed. e) The privacy issues are also the same as that of the other devices. The presence of a public profile in the company can lead to many customers opting out of the systems. Smart security applications: ("Bundle and Save with abode!", 2017) This section is used to address the security features by Abode bundles. The device helps in secure connections and facilitates the user to forget about manual locking of the door. The door is automatically locked when the user leaves and opens when the user is near home. a) The main usage is the problems with very older system. The device may not connect or work properly leading to problems faced by the user. b) The main control issues of the app are the adding of devices through the mobile application. To add devices manually, the website is to be opened. The developers are recommended to tend to this matter. c) The connectivity issues are the requirement of cellular data. Although, it works fine with the local internet connection, in case of power outage or no access, the cellular data is supposed to be used. This is the main reason that is to be addressed as the manufacturers think of this as a safety mechanism. d) The security issues are the most common that is present in mostly all IOT devices. These are the vulnerability to hacking. The applications of better security proposals are needed. e) The privacy issues are also the same as that of the other devices. The presence of a public profile in the company can lead to many customers opting out of the systems. Thermostat device: ("Meet the Nest Learning Thermostat", 2017) The chosen device is the Nest Thermostat. This device is used to automate the heating requirements in the house. The device allows hassle free installation and activates when the user gets close to the house. This device also comes with an application for the Smartphone that helps the user to monitor the activities of the temperature changes in the various corners of the house. a) The main usage issues are the wiring problems. The heat control due to this does not go well and causes the heat to rise to a high level. The manufacturer is recommended to reference this issue. b) The main control issues are the presence of glitches in the internal devices that leads to problems like stopping of the device after prolonged use which causes inconvenience among people. The developer has to address such issues. c) The main connectivity issues are that the many people reported the battery to be draining fast or the device going offline. These are the issues that are referenced by the developers too and gave many solutions to counter these like manual recharging or connectivity checking. d) The security issues are the most common that is present in mostly all IOT devices. These are the vulnerability to hacking. The applications of better security proposals are needed. e) The privacy issues are also the same as that of the other devices. The presence of a public profile in the company can lead to many customers opting out of the systems. Cooler: ("Air Conditioners Portable | Portable AC | Hisense Appliances", 2017) The chosen device is the Hisense 10,000 BTU air conditioner. The device is supposed to be portable and can be connected using Wi-Fi technology. The manufacturers of the device have made an app which can be used to control the device. a) The main usage issues are the problems in operations. Customers have made several complaints regarding the production of much noise. b) The main control issues are the requirement for a small space to enable cooling. In case of a large open space, the device cannot be used to address such needs. c) The connectivity issues are the requirement for a mobile app in operations. However, it is commonly reported from customers that the app crashes several times. In addition, the app needs consistent performance in the Smartphone for smooth running. d) The security issues are the most common that is present in mostly all IOT devices. These are the vulnerability to hacking. The applications of better security proposals are needed. e) The privacy issues are also the same as that of the other devices. The presence of a public profile in the company can lead to many customers opting out of the systems. Lighting systems: ("Hue products - Meethue | Philips Lighting", 2017) The device is the Philips Hue bulb. The device has totally implemented the use of smart technologies by making bulbs that can change color along with connectivity over an app. a) The main usage issue is the presence of some problems in changing colors. b) The main control issue is the presence of a plastic remote that can be breakable at times. c) The connectivity issues are the requirement for connection of the hue bridge to the main network by the presence of Ethernet cable. The device cannot be directly connected to the Wi-Fi. d) The security issues are the most common that is present in mostly all IOT devices. These are the vulnerability to hacking. The applications of better security proposals are needed. e) The privacy issues are also the same as that of the other devices. The presence of a public profile in the company can lead to many customers opting out of the systems. Cooking appliances: ("Digital Electric Smoker | Char-Broil", 2017) The main device to address the cooking requirement is the Char-Broil Digital Electric Smoker. The device is used to smoke foods in a very short time. It has 2-3 compartments and the temperature can be controlled via apps. a) The main usage issue is that the cookware exudes a lot amount of smoke when the internal construction is not welded. The manufacturers need to address such issues. b) The control issue is that the temperature rises much higher than the set amount. c) The control issue is that the app control is not of much use as it is not of much use during controlling the temperature. d) The security issues are the most common that is present in mostly all IOT devices. These are the vulnerability to hacking. The applications of better security proposals are needed. e) The privacy issues are also the same as that of the other devices. The presence of a public profile in the company can lead to many customers opting out of the systems. Oven appliances: ("June Oven", 2017) The device for oven related purposes is the June Intelligent Oven. The oven is a smart home appliance that has inbuilt technologies like camera, artificial intelligence and Wi-Fi connectivity. a) The main usage issue is that the device cannot recognize all foods. In case the food is not being recognized, the app will display an error message. b) The control issue is that the temperature cannot be set manually. The device does so itself. This can lead to uncooked food sometimes. c) The connectivity issue is that the developers have made IOS connectivity. Android users also need to have connectivity features. d) The security issues are the most common that is present in mostly all IOT devices. These are the vulnerability to hacking. The applications of better security proposals are needed. e) The privacy issues are also the same as that of the other devices. The presence of a public profile in the company can lead to many customers opting out of the systems. Vacuum cleaner: (Cleaner Cleaner, 2017) The chosen device is the Eufy RoboVac 11. The device is used to clear the dust from the floor without needing the user to help. a) The main usage issue is the requirement for manual remote control by the user. b) The need for manual adjustment every 45 seconds as reported by many customers is the main control issue of the device. c) The connectivity issue is the absence of automatic control in the device. d) The security issues are the most common that is present in mostly all IOT devices. These are the vulnerability to hacking. The applications of better security proposals are needed. e) The privacy issues are also the same as that of the other devices. The presence of a public profile in the company can lead to many customers opting out of the systems. Conclusion: Thus, it is concluded from the analysis of the different internet of things devices that the smart home is a solution that is referenced by including all such devices mentioned in the report. The analysis also discusses about the various solutions that it is intended for. This includes the making of ease in operations around the house. It also references the comfort of the people living in it. Although, the report discusses various problems that exist with all these devices, the applications of solutions to these devices can greatly improve their performance leading to a great image in the market. References: 2, W. (2017).Wink Hub 2.Wink.com. Retrieved 15 September 2017, from https://www.wink.com/products/wink-hub-2/ Air Conditioners Portable | Portable AC | Hisense Appliances. (2017).Hisense USA. Retrieved 18 September 2017, from https://www.hisense-usa.com/appliances/portable-ac Baraka, K., Ghobril, M., Malek, S., Kanj, R., Kayssi, A. (2013, June). Low cost arduino/android-based energy-efficient home automation system with smart task scheduling. InComputational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks (CICSyN), 2013 Fifth International Conference on(pp. 296-301). IEEE. Bundle and Save with abode!. (2017).Goabode.com. Retrieved 15 September 2017, from https://goabode.com/sale/ Cleaner, R., Cleaner, R. (2017).RoboVac 11 Vacuum Cleaner.Eufy. Retrieved 18 September 2017, from https://www.eufylife.com/products/robovac-11 Digital Electric Smoker | Char-Broil. (2017).Charbroil.com. Retrieved 18 September 2017, from https://www.charbroil.com/digital-electric-smoker ElShafee, A., Hamed, K. A. (2012). Design and implementation of a WIFI based home automation system.World academy of science, engineering and technology,68, 2177-2180. How It Works | Smart Lock Smarter Home Access | August. (2017).August. Retrieved 15 September 2017, from https://august.com/how-it-works/ Hue products - Meethue | Philips Lighting. (2017).Philips. Retrieved 18 September 2017, from https://www2.meethue.com/en-us/products/all#filters=BULBS_SUsliders=support=price=priceBoxes=page=layout=12.subcategory.p-grid-icon Jain, S., Vaibhav, A., Goyal, L. (2014, February). Raspberry Pi based interactive home automation system through E-mail. InOptimization, Reliabilty, and Information Technology (ICROIT), 2014 International Conference on(pp. 277-280). IEEE. June Oven. (2017).Juneoven.com. Retrieved 18 September 2017, from https://juneoven.com/ Kailas, A., Cecchi, V., Mukherjee, A. (2012). A survey of communications and networking technologies for energy management in buildings and home automation.Journal of Computer Networks and Communications,2012. Meet the Nest Learning Thermostat. (2017).Nest. Retrieved 15 September 2017, from https://nest.com/thermostats/nest-learning-thermostat/overview/ Mennicken, S., Vermeulen, J., Huang, E. M. (2014, September). From today's augmented houses to tomorrow's smart homes: new directions for home automation research. InProceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing(pp. 105-115). ACM. Ramlee, R. A., LEONG, M. H., SARBAN SINGH, R. S. A., ISMAIL, M. M., OTHMAN, M. A., SULAIMAN, H. A., ... ALICE, M. (2013). Bluetooth remote home automation system using android application. Rechargeable Wireless Security Camera: Arlo Pro | Arlo by NETGEAR. (2017).Arlo.com. Retrieved 15 September 2017, from https://www.arlo.com/en-us/products/arlo-pro/default.aspx

Case Analysis of British Petroleum Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.How would you apply the four different Ethical approaches for guiding BPs Ethical decision making in the Period before the Explosion?2.From what we know of the Company, how would you Critically Evaluate the Planningfunction of their Management Processes? 3.Apply the Six Decision-Making steps to the decisions BP made during the Crisis and Critically Evaluate where they went wrong.4.Identify and Describe the Corporate Culture Prevalent at BP before and during thecrises.5.Given the details available of the Case, what can you infer about the OrganizationalThe Structure of BP? Can you Identify a link between the Organizational Structure and Corporate Culture of BP?6.If you were asked to assist BP in Managing the Change now necessary to rebuild trustin the Company and its Decisions, what would your Recommendations be?7.Research and find at least one Journal or Scholarly Web article which would Supportany Part of the analysis you presented for this Case. Answers: BP Case Analysis 1.So as to guide the ethical decisions made by BP, I would use the following approaches: The utilitarian approach-In this approach, ethical behavior is guided by what will result in the greatest advantages for the people (Scott-Ladd, PerryWilliams Kinicki 2015). They also took a risky approach to everything so as to save money. In the end, it costed the company its reputation as there was a loss of lives due to wrong decisions and a large oil spill that negatively affected the environment. The individual approach-This approach is for ones self-interest in the long-term but will assist others (Scott-Ladd et al. 2015). This theory was applied by the BP management when cleaning the oil spill. They used a very toxic dispersant, Corexit, in immense quantities. The moral rights approach-This theory aims at the respect of the rights shared by all human beings. Businesses can use international human rights policies to guide their decisions and actions (Scott-Ladd et al 2015). BP did not follow this theory. They totally ignored warnings about leaks, and this resulted in the death of 11 workers due to a methane explosion. The justice approach- This theory tells us that we should respect the right to fairness and equity. It questions whether an organization's policies are administered impartially or fairly (Scott-Ladd et al 2015). BP did not apply this approach as there is no justice for its employees. The company made decisions not considering the consequences to its stakeholders. 2.From the analysis, BP has a poor planning function of its processes. This is evident to the following issues that display themselves in the company(Cardinal, Miller TenBrink 2015) Poor management of the time-The company has poor time management hence the schedules are not followed. The team members do not seem to have a clear picture of expectations during projects. BP has made poor decisions because their venture schedule is behind and they are losing $1.5 million per day. Lack of clear project objectives-It seems that from the onset, there were no clear objectives set out for the project team. Lack of Clear Budget-It seems that there is no clear budget at BP. The company is using short-cuts in its processes. Dissatisfied customers-Planning poorly means poor end results hence dissatisfied customers. BP have greatly affected the environment by causing a huge oil spill. Lack of stakeholder support Poor planning means stakeholders will not support a project. Unpredicted risks and problems-BP did not anticipate an explosion, loss of lives and negative effects of oil clean up. 3.The six-decision making steps are used by an organization to identify a decision, gather information and assess resolutions (Hartman, DesJardins, MacDonald Hartman 2014). The following process might have been used by BP, but they failed in some areas Identification of decisions-The nature of the decision should be clearly defined. BP had various decisions to make, that is, how to drill oil safely, how to finish the project on time, how to effectively clean up an oil spill and how to deal with eventualities. Information Gathering-Pertinent information should be gathered before making a decision. Information can be internal or external. BP is a company with experience in oil-drilling. It should have looked at ways in which oil was safely drilled in other areas. It should have also considered the environment they were going to work in and assessed the dangers beforehand. No information was gathered, and decisions were made abruptly. Alternatives Identification-When gathering information one discovers several paths of action. BP did not consider this. When cleaning the oil spill, they used trial and error assumption until they achieved their goal. Weighing of Evidence-This involves evaluating the company needs and if they will be resolved through the chosen alternatives. The company should use alternatives that will meet its goals and objectives. BP did not weigh their evidence. They did not align their needs to alternatives, and this led them to choosing wrong alternatives. Choosing among alternatives-This means selecting the best alternative. BP did not select the best alternatives that would meet its needs as a company. There was a wrong connection of pipes and equipment to accident preventers. It means there was lack of training on doing this or the staff were just ignorant. Taking action and reviewing decisions-This is when positive action is taken and decisions reviewed against results. They took action by cleaning oils spill using a dangerous chemical rather than researching in a more efficient way to do it. The consequences were fatal, but it was already too late. 4.BP had a toxic corporate culture before, during and even after the crisis. This is evidenced by the following things that are characteristic of toxic cultures: Dictatorship- The manager dictates the employees and everything have to be done his way. The decisions at BP are made at the top level management, and no one is allowed to question or raise concerns (Guiso, Sapienza Zingales, 2015)... When employees are warned about leakages in the system, they ignore because if they escalate to management, nothing will be done Ideas are not welcome-Nobody is asked about their opinion. The management has already decided how the employees should work. In BP, employees do not speak out, and they do as dictated by the management despite imminent dangers. Eventually, there is loss of lives(Bolton, Brunnermeier Veldkamp 2013). Secrets Dominate the organization-In a toxic culture, there is no open door policy, and employees have no idea what direction the company is taking (Guiso, Sapienza Zingales 2015). BP seems to work like this. Decisions are made by the top management and staff are not involved. During the oil spill, trial-error methods are communicated downwards, and employees are just expected to adhere. They do not know who is making the decisions 5.The organizational structure of BP seems to be a Matrix Structure. In this type of structure, employees have some bosses and reporting lines. They report to divisional managers but also have project managers for specific projects. This model is prone to complications and confusion as seen in BP. The organizational structure of BP affects its organizational culture. The high performance of a company leads to strong culture (Alvesson Sveningsson 2015). Low performance leads to a toxic culture. In BP, the performance is low, deadlines are not met, and poor decisions are made. This leads to lack of motivation and therefore a toxic culture among the employees. Employees may be good performers, but if the structure is poor, they will adapt to it (Harper 2015). This is because they do not have control over the companys procedures and processes 6.If I were asked by BP to manage change so as to rebuild trust I would recommend the following steps: Increase urgency BP management should increase urgency in all its processes and performance. Employees should be educated on the importance of achieving goals and finishing projects efficiently (Jeston Neils 2014). Build a guiding team BP should have the right people as project managers. They should look at skills and experience and willingness to commit. Having right project managers will ensure that tasks are done correctly, and procedures and processes are followed (Hayes 2014). A committed manager will have his companys best interests at heart. Vision BP should have a vision, mission and project strategy (Jeston Neils 2014). Before beginning a project, all this should be laid down and the same communicated to the project team. Following this ensures efficiency in processes. Communication Communication should be enhanced at BP. The management should involve employees in their decisions and respond to their needs (Jeston Neils 2014). All project requirements should be communicated well to everyone. Empowering action BP should ensure any performance obstacles are removed, and feedback should be encouraged (Hayes 2014). The company can do this by ensuring the project team is well-trained, and feedback is encouraged. Creating short-term wins BP should have short-term targets for its employees. This will make achieving of timelines easier and even more enjoyable for employees. Give employees achievable tasks (Jeston Neils 2014). No letting up BP should encourage and motivate employees. Good work should be praised, and reporting should be encouraged. Making change stick BP should ensure all the implemented changes stick with the employees. This can be done by ensuring that there is employee engagement (Hayes 2014). Changes should be weaved into the organizational culture. 7.The European Journal article, The Role of Strategic Planning in Excellence Management Systems supports the emphasis on the importance of planning in an organization. The journal talks about how strategic issues can bring problems or opportunities to decision makers. It explains how strategic planning aims to build consensus in a company and why organizations should take it seriously. The Journal also explains the strategic planning process and how it influences the decisions that are made by the company (Suarez, Calvo-Mora Roldan 2016). This journal can be used in the BP case as it emphasizes the importance of planning and also guides in the planning process. BP can refer to this and see the decisions it made wrong and come up with ways of rectifying its planning process. This will help it in future to make the correct decisions and hence gain trust once more with the government who banned it from tendering, and with all its other stakeholders. References Alvesson, M and Sveningsson, S 2015, Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Bolton, P, Brunnermeier, MK and Veldkamp, L 2013, Leadership, coordination, and corporate culture. The Review of Economic Studies, 80(2), pp.512-537. Cardinal, LB, Miller, CC, Kreutzer, M and TenBrink, C 2015, Strategic Planning And Firm Performance. The Psychology of Planning in Organizations: Research and Applications, p.260. Guiso, L Sapienza, P and Zingales, L 2015, The value of corporate culture. Journal of Financial Economics, 117(1), pp.60-76. Harper, C 2015, Organizations: Structures, processes, and outcomes. Routledge. Hartman, LP, Desjardins, JR, MacDonald, C and Hartman, LP 2014, Business Ethics: Decision-making for personal integrity and social responsibility. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hayes, J 2014 The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Jeston, J and Nelis, J 2014, Business process management. Routledge. Scott-Ladd, KPerry, MWilliams, P andKinicki, A 2015, "Management: a practical introduction:The manager's changing work environment and ethical responsibilities," McGraw-Hill Education, North Ryde, N.S.W. , (Chapter 3, subsections 3.3 and 3.4) Suarez, E Calvo-Mora, A and Roldn, JL 2016, The role of strategic planning in excellence management systems. European Journal of Operational Research, 248(2), pp.532-542.